Autumn and winter are peak seasons for respiratory infectious diseases, such as influenza. The positivity rate of the influenza virus in many regions continues to rise, and people are generally susceptible to infection.

Types and Symptoms of Influenza:

Influenza viruses are primarily divided into three types: A, B, and C. Among these, influenza A and B viruses are the main pathogens responsible for seasonal epidemics.

After being infected with influenza, individuals typically experience a high fever, with body temperatures reaching 39°C to 40°C or even higher. This is often accompanied by significant systemic symptoms such as headaches, body aches, fatigue, and respiratory symptoms like cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, and runny nose. Some patients, especially children, may also experience gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea.

Severe cases of influenza can lead to complications such as viral pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, which may even result in death; therefore, it is crucial to remain vigilant.

Transmission Routes and Susceptible Populations:

Influenza is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact. When infected individuals cough, sneeze, or talk, they release droplets containing the influenza virus, which can easily be inhaled by others. Additionally, touching surfaces contaminated with the influenza virus, such as doorknobs, tables, and mobile phones, and then touching the mouth or nose can increase the risk of infection.

While the general population is susceptible, certain groups are at higher risk, including children, the elderly, individuals with chronic diseases, pregnant women, obese individuals, and others with relatively low immunity. These groups are more likely to experience complications following infection.

Treatment Methods:

Once influenza is diagnosed, treatment should begin as soon as possible. Treatment primarily includes antiviral medications and symptomatic relief.

1. Antiviral Medications: Commonly used antiviral drugs include oseltamivir and baloxavir. It is generally recommended to use these medications within 48 hours of symptom onset for optimal effectiveness. However, even if the illness has lasted longer than 48 hours, antiviral treatment should still be initiated once influenza is confirmed.

2. Antipyretics: Use antipyretic medications, such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen, to reduce fever. If the fever persists or is accompanied by severe discomfort, physical cooling methods can be employed, such as wiping the body with warm water or using antipyretic patches.

3. Cough Relief: For severe cough, cough suppressants and expectorants such as dextromethorphan and ambroxol can be used. Antitussive medications may be suitable for patients with a dry cough and no sputum, while expectorants should be used for those with sputum to help clear the airways.

4. Relief of Nasal Congestion and Runny Nose: Decongestants like pseudoephedrine can help alleviate nasal mucosal congestion. Antihistamines such as chlorpheniramine can also be used to relieve runny nose symptoms.

5. Fluid Rehydration: Patients with influenza often experience symptoms such as fever and sweating, which can lead to dehydration. It is important to replenish fluids by consuming oral rehydration salts or drinking warm water, juice, etc.

In severe cases of influenza, hospitalization may be necessary, and comprehensive treatment, including oxygen therapy, respiratory support, and anti-infection strategies, should be provided under the supervision of healthcare professionals. Close monitoring of the patient's condition is essential, and treatment plans should be adjusted as needed.

Preventive Measures:

1. Vaccination: It is recommended that high-risk groups, including children aged 6 months to 5 years, individuals over 60, patients with chronic diseases, healthcare workers, family members and caregivers of infants under 6 months, and pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant, receive the influenza vaccine in a timely manner during the flu season.

2. Personal Hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and running water to maintain cleanliness; wear masks in crowded areas such as hospitals and supermarkets, and while using public transportation; cover your mouth and nose with tissues when coughing or sneezing to prevent droplet transmission.

3. Maintain Healthy Habits: Eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables and fruits to ensure adequate nutrition; engage in moderate exercise to strengthen physical fitness; maintain a regular work and rest schedule, ensure sufficient sleep, and enhance overall immunity.

4. Keep the Environment Clean: Regularly open windows for ventilation, promote indoor air circulation, and reduce the chances of virus proliferation.

In summary, understanding the relevant information about influenza and implementing preventive and treatment measures are crucial for effectively managing influenza and protecting the health of ourselves and others. During the flu season, individuals should remain attentive to their health. If any flu-like symptoms arise, timely medical attention should be sought for early diagnosis and treatment.